Understanding Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease characterized by the gradual degeneration of cartilage—the protective tissue that cushions the joints, causing inflammation, stiffness and pain. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and primarily affectsweight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine and hands.

Osteoarthritis is broadly classified into two types:

• Primary, which develops without a clearly identifiable cause and is influenced by factors such as aging, genetics, gender, obesity and joint-specific stress.

• Secondary, which results from identifiable causes such as joint trauma, infections, congenital deformities, or underlying diseases that damage cartilage. The exact cause of primary osteoarthritis remains unclear. Secondary osteoarthritis may occur following severe injury, repeated minor trauma, joint infections, or structural abnormalities.

Causes can vary by joint:

• Spine—repetitive movements or long-term postural stress

• Hip—avascular necrosis or hip dysplasia

• Ankle—fractures or ligament damage The earliest and most common symptom of osteoarthritis is localized joint pain, typically worsening with movement and

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improving with rest. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis does not usually present with systemic symptoms.

As the condition progresses, pain may persist even at rest. Other symptoms include joint stiffness, reduced range of motion, swelling, tenderness, and a grinding or creaking sensation during movement.

Symptoms often develop gradually and may fluctuate over time.

Specific j oints may show characteristic signs, such as gait changes and knee deformities, or bony enlargements in the finger joints known as Heberdens nodes.

Osteoarthritis can be effectively managed through an integrative approach. Western medicine focuses on accurate diagnosis, pain relief, and slowing disease progression through medications and supportive therapies.

Traditional Eastern medicine emphasizes restoring balance, improving circulation, and reducing inflammation through acupuncture and herbal medicine, tailored to each patient’s constitution.

Exercise plays a vital role in joint health. Gentle walking on flat surfaces, stretching, indoor cycling, and aquatic exercises are especially beneficial. Consistency is key. Keeping joints warm with braces or heat therapy during colder months can also help reduce discomfort.

Maintaining a healthy weight without avoiding any specific foods can also significantly reduce stress on the j oints and supports long-term joint health. With early detection, consistent care, and appropriate lifestyle choices, osteoarthritis can be managed effectively to help people maintain mobility, comfort and an active lifestyle.

— YeungH. Kwon, L.Ac, OMD, Ph.D, Optum Health Care Center